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- Install Php Artisan
Minor issue there, I'm trying to use php artisan key:generate, to set up my key, but it doesn't get set anywhere despite the success message that I get in the console. Not a big deal in itself as I just copy the key shown and paste it in my.env file, but just wondering why it's not working for me, never has. Any idea would be helpful. Jun 04, 2019 3. Generate Laravel Application Key. Configuration compeleted successfully of.evn file, Let’s open the command prompt and generate laravel application key using this given below command. Php artisan key:generate 4. Database Migration. Before you run php artisan migrate command.
- Installation
- Web Server Configuration
Installation
Nov 25, 2019 In the local terminal window, use php artisan to generate a new application key without saving it to.env. Php artisan key:generate -show In the Cloud Shell, set the application key in the App Service app by using the az webapp config appsettings set command. May 29, 2017 Laravel is full of little tricks, and quick ways to generate code with Artisan. One of the recent ones I've found is when you're creating a CRUD record and need to create Model + Controller. You don't need two separate commands for that. Application Key. The next thing you should do after installing Laravel is set your application key to a random string. If you installed Laravel via Composer or the Laravel installer, this key has already been set for you by the php artisan key:generate command. Typically, this string should be 32 characters long. Before using Laravel's encrypter, you must set a key option in your config/app.php configuration file. You should use the php artisan key:generate command to generate this key since this Artisan command will use PHP's secure random bytes generator to build your key. If this value is not properly set, all values encrypted by Laravel will be.
Server Requirements
The Laravel framework has a few system requirements. All of these requirements are satisfied by the Laravel Homestead virtual machine, so it's highly recommended that you use Homestead as your local Laravel development environment.
However, if you are not using Homestead, you will need to make sure your server meets the following requirements:
- PHP >= 7.2.5
- BCMath PHP Extension
- Ctype PHP Extension
- Fileinfo PHP extension
- JSON PHP Extension
- Mbstring PHP Extension
- OpenSSL PHP Extension
- PDO PHP Extension
- Tokenizer PHP Extension
- XML PHP Extension
Installing Laravel
Laravel utilizes Composer to manage its dependencies. So, before using Laravel, make sure you have Composer installed on your machine.
Via Laravel Installer
First, download the Laravel installer using Composer:
Make sure to place Composer's system-wide vendor bin directory in your $PATH so the laravel executable can be located by your system. This directory exists in different locations based on your operating system; however, some common locations include:
- macOS:
$HOME/.composer/vendor/bin - Windows:
%USERPROFILE%AppDataRoamingComposervendorbin - GNU / Linux Distributions:
$HOME/.config/composer/vendor/binor$HOME/.composer/vendor/bin
You could also find the composer's global installation path by running composer global about and looking up from the first line.
Once installed, the laravel new command will create a fresh Laravel installation in the directory you specify. For instance, laravel new blog will create a directory named blog containing a fresh Laravel installation with all of Laravel's dependencies already installed:
Via Composer Create-Project
Alternatively, you may also install Laravel by issuing the Composer create-project command in your terminal:
Local Development Server
If you have PHP installed locally and you would like to use PHP's built-in development server to serve your application, you may use the serve Artisan command. This command will start a development server at http://localhost:8000:
More robust local development options are available via Homestead and Valet.
Configuration
Public Directory
After installing Laravel, you should configure your web server's document / web root to be the public directory. The index.php in this directory serves as the front controller for all HTTP requests entering your application.
Configuration Files
All of the configuration files for the Laravel framework are stored in the config directory. Each option is documented, so feel free to look through the files and get familiar with the options available to you.
Directory Permissions
After installing Laravel, you may need to configure some permissions. Directories within the storage and the bootstrap/cache directories should be writable by your web server or Laravel will not run. If you are using the Homestead virtual machine, these permissions should already be set.
Application Key
The next thing you should do after installing Laravel is set your application key to a random string. If you installed Laravel via Composer or the Laravel installer, this key has already been set for you by the php artisan key:generate command.
Typically, this string should be 32 characters long. The key can be set in the .env environment file. If you have not copied the .env.example file to a new file named .env, you should do that now. If the application key is not set, your user sessions and other encrypted data will not be secure!
Additional Configuration
Laravel needs almost no other configuration out of the box. You are free to get started developing! However, you may wish to review the config/app.php file and its documentation. It contains several options such as timezone and locale that you may wish to change according to your application.
You may also want to configure a few additional components of Laravel, such as:
Web Server Configuration
Directory Configuration
Laravel should always be served out of the root of the 'web directory' configured for your web server. You should not attempt to serve a Laravel application out of a subdirectory of the 'web directory'. Attempting to do so could expose sensitive files present within your application.
Pretty URLs
Apache
Laravel includes a public/.htaccess file that is used to provide URLs without the index.php front controller in the path. Before serving Laravel with Apache, be sure to enable the mod_rewrite module so the .htaccess file will be honored by the server.
If the .htaccess file that ships with Laravel does not work with your Apache installation, try this alternative:
Nginx
If you are using Nginx, the following directive in your site configuration will direct all requests to the index.php front controller:
When using Homestead or Valet, pretty URLs will be automatically configured.
- Running Migrations
- Tables
- Columns
- Indexes
Introduction
Migrations are like version control for your database, allowing your team to modify and share the application's database schema. Migrations are typically paired with Laravel's schema builder to build your application's database schema. If you have ever had to tell a teammate to manually add a column to their local database schema, you've faced the problem that database migrations solve.
The Laravel Schemafacade provides database agnostic support for creating and manipulating tables across all of Laravel's supported database systems.
Generating Migrations
To create a migration, use the make:migrationArtisan command:
The new migration will be placed in your database/migrations directory. Each migration file name contains a timestamp, which allows Laravel to determine the order of the migrations.
{tip} Migration stubs may be customized using stub publishing
The --table and --create options may also be used to indicate the name of the table and whether or not the migration will be creating a new table. These options pre-fill the generated migration stub file with the specified table:
If you would like to specify a custom output path for the generated migration, you may use the --path option when executing the make:migration command. The given path should be relative to your application's base path.
Migration Structure
A migration class contains two methods: up and down. The up method is used to add new tables, columns, or indexes to your database, while the down method should reverse the operations performed by the up method.
Within both of these methods you may use the Laravel schema builder to expressively create and modify tables. To learn about all of the methods available on the Schema builder, check out its documentation. For example, the following migration creates a flights table:
Running Migrations
To run all of your outstanding migrations, execute the migrate Artisan command:
{note} If you are using the Homestead virtual machine, you should run this command from within your virtual machine.
Forcing Migrations To Run In Production
Some migration operations are destructive, which means they may cause you to lose data. In order to protect you from running these commands against your production database, you will be prompted for confirmation before the commands are executed. To force the commands to run without a prompt, use the --force flag:
Rolling Back Migrations
To roll back the latest migration operation, you may use the rollback command. This command rolls back the last 'batch' of migrations, which may include multiple migration files:
You may roll back a limited number of migrations by providing the step option to the rollback command. For example, the following command will roll back the last five migrations:
The migrate:reset command will roll back all of your application's migrations:
Roll Back & Migrate Using A Single Command
The migrate:refresh command will roll back all of your migrations and then execute the migrate command. This command effectively re-creates your entire database:
You may roll back & re-migrate a limited number of migrations by providing the step option to the refresh command. For example, the following command will roll back & re-migrate the last five migrations:
Drop All Tables & Migrate
The migrate:fresh command will drop all tables from the database and then execute the migrate command:
Tables
Creating Tables
To create a new database table, use the create method on the Schema facade. The create method accepts two arguments: the first is the name of the table, while the second is a Closure which receives a Blueprint object that may be used to define the new table:
When creating the table, you may use any of the schema builder's column methods to define the table's columns.
Checking For Table / Column Existence
You may check for the existence of a table or column using the hasTable and hasColumn methods:
Database Connection & Table Options
If you want to perform a schema operation on a database connection that is not your default connection, use the connection method:
You may use the following commands on the schema builder to define the table's options:
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
$table->engine = 'InnoDB'; | Specify the table storage engine (MySQL). |
$table->charset = 'utf8'; | Specify a default character set for the table (MySQL). |
$table->collation = 'utf8_unicode_ci'; | Specify a default collation for the table (MySQL). |
$table->temporary(); | Create a temporary table (except SQL Server). |
Renaming / Dropping Tables
To rename an existing database table, use the rename method:
To drop an existing table, you may use the drop or dropIfExists methods:
Renaming Tables With Foreign Keys
Before renaming a table, you should verify that any foreign key constraints on the table have an explicit name in your migration files instead of letting Laravel assign a convention based name. Otherwise, the foreign key constraint name will refer to the old table name.
Columns
Creating Columns
The table method on the Schema facade may be used to update existing tables. Like the create method, the table method accepts two arguments: the name of the table and a Closure that receives a Blueprint instance you may use to add columns to the table:
Available Column Types
The schema builder contains a variety of column types that you may specify when building your tables:
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
$table->id(); | Alias of $table->bigIncrements('id'). |
$table->foreignId('user_id'); | Alias of $table->unsignedBigInteger('user_id'). |
$table->bigIncrements('id'); | Auto-incrementing UNSIGNED BIGINT (primary key) equivalent column. |
$table->bigInteger('votes'); | BIGINT equivalent column. |
$table->binary('data'); | BLOB equivalent column. |
$table->boolean('confirmed'); | BOOLEAN equivalent column. |
$table->char('name', 100); | CHAR equivalent column with a length. |
$table->date('created_at'); | DATE equivalent column. |
$table->dateTime('created_at', 0); | DATETIME equivalent column with precision (total digits). |
$table->dateTimeTz('created_at', 0); | DATETIME (with timezone) equivalent column with precision (total digits). |
$table->decimal('amount', 8, 2); | DECIMAL equivalent column with precision (total digits) and scale (decimal digits). |
$table->double('amount', 8, 2); | DOUBLE equivalent column with precision (total digits) and scale (decimal digits). |
$table->enum('level', ['easy', 'hard']); | ENUM equivalent column. |
$table->float('amount', 8, 2); | FLOAT equivalent column with a precision (total digits) and scale (decimal digits). |
$table->geometry('positions'); | GEOMETRY equivalent column. |
$table->geometryCollection('positions'); | GEOMETRYCOLLECTION equivalent column. |
$table->increments('id'); | Auto-incrementing UNSIGNED INTEGER (primary key) equivalent column. |
$table->integer('votes'); | INTEGER equivalent column. |
$table->ipAddress('visitor'); | IP address equivalent column. |
$table->json('options'); | JSON equivalent column. |
$table->jsonb('options'); | JSONB equivalent column. |
$table->lineString('positions'); | LINESTRING equivalent column. |
$table->longText('description'); | LONGTEXT equivalent column. |
$table->macAddress('device'); | MAC address equivalent column. |
$table->mediumIncrements('id'); | Auto-incrementing UNSIGNED MEDIUMINT (primary key) equivalent column. |
$table->mediumInteger('votes'); | MEDIUMINT equivalent column. |
$table->mediumText('description'); | MEDIUMTEXT equivalent column. |
$table->morphs('taggable'); | Adds taggable_id UNSIGNED BIGINT and taggable_type VARCHAR equivalent columns. |
$table->uuidMorphs('taggable'); | Adds taggable_id CHAR(36) and taggable_type VARCHAR(255) UUID equivalent columns. |
$table->multiLineString('positions'); | MULTILINESTRING equivalent column. |
$table->multiPoint('positions'); | MULTIPOINT equivalent column. |
$table->multiPolygon('positions'); | MULTIPOLYGON equivalent column. |
$table->nullableMorphs('taggable'); | Adds nullable versions of morphs() columns. |
$table->nullableUuidMorphs('taggable'); | Adds nullable versions of uuidMorphs() columns. |
$table->nullableTimestamps(0); | Alias of timestamps() method. |
$table->point('position'); | POINT equivalent column. |
$table->polygon('positions'); | POLYGON equivalent column. |
$table->rememberToken(); | Adds a nullable remember_token VARCHAR(100) equivalent column. |
$table->set('flavors', ['strawberry', 'vanilla']); | SET equivalent column. |
$table->smallIncrements('id'); | Auto-incrementing UNSIGNED SMALLINT (primary key) equivalent column. |
$table->smallInteger('votes'); | SMALLINT equivalent column. |
$table->softDeletes('deleted_at', 0); | Adds a nullable deleted_at TIMESTAMP equivalent column for soft deletes with precision (total digits). |
$table->softDeletesTz('deleted_at', 0); | Adds a nullable deleted_at TIMESTAMP (with timezone) equivalent column for soft deletes with precision (total digits). |
$table->string('name', 100); | VARCHAR equivalent column with a length. |
$table->text('description'); | TEXT equivalent column. |
$table->time('sunrise', 0); | TIME equivalent column with precision (total digits). |
$table->timeTz('sunrise', 0); | TIME (with timezone) equivalent column with precision (total digits). |
$table->timestamp('added_on', 0); | TIMESTAMP equivalent column with precision (total digits). |
$table->timestampTz('added_on', 0); | TIMESTAMP (with timezone) equivalent column with precision (total digits). |
$table->timestamps(0); | Adds nullable created_at and updated_at TIMESTAMP equivalent columns with precision (total digits). |
$table->timestampsTz(0); | Adds nullable created_at and updated_at TIMESTAMP (with timezone) equivalent columns with precision (total digits). |
$table->tinyIncrements('id'); | Auto-incrementing UNSIGNED TINYINT (primary key) equivalent column. |
$table->tinyInteger('votes'); | TINYINT equivalent column. |
$table->unsignedBigInteger('votes'); | UNSIGNED BIGINT equivalent column. |
$table->unsignedDecimal('amount', 8, 2); | UNSIGNED DECIMAL equivalent column with a precision (total digits) and scale (decimal digits). |
$table->unsignedInteger('votes'); | UNSIGNED INTEGER equivalent column. |
$table->unsignedMediumInteger('votes'); | UNSIGNED MEDIUMINT equivalent column. |
$table->unsignedSmallInteger('votes'); | UNSIGNED SMALLINT equivalent column. |
$table->unsignedTinyInteger('votes'); | UNSIGNED TINYINT equivalent column. |
$table->uuid('id'); | UUID equivalent column. |
$table->year('birth_year'); | YEAR equivalent column. |
Column Modifiers
In addition to the column types listed above, there are several column 'modifiers' you may use while adding a column to a database table. For example, to make the column 'nullable', you may use the nullable method:
The following list contains all available column modifiers. This list does not include the index modifiers:
| Modifier | Description |
|---|---|
->after('column') | Place the column 'after' another column (MySQL) |
->autoIncrement() | Set INTEGER columns as auto-increment (primary key) |
->charset('utf8') | Specify a character set for the column (MySQL) |
->collation('utf8_unicode_ci') | Specify a collation for the column (MySQL/PostgreSQL/SQL Server) |
->comment('my comment') | Add a comment to a column (MySQL/PostgreSQL) |
->default($value) | Specify a 'default' value for the column |
->first() | Place the column 'first' in the table (MySQL) |
->nullable($value = true) | Allows (by default) NULL values to be inserted into the column |
->storedAs($expression) | Create a stored generated column (MySQL) |
->unsigned() | Set INTEGER columns as UNSIGNED (MySQL) |
->useCurrent() | Set TIMESTAMP columns to use CURRENT_TIMESTAMP as default value |
->virtualAs($expression) | Create a virtual generated column (MySQL) |
->generatedAs($expression) | Create an identity column with specified sequence options (PostgreSQL) |
->always() | Defines the precedence of sequence values over input for an identity column (PostgreSQL) |
Default Expressions
The default modifier accepts a value or an IlluminateDatabaseQueryExpression instance. Days gone cd-key serial generator pc download. Using an Expression instance will prevent wrapping the value in quotes and allow you to use database specific functions. One situation where this is particularly useful is when you need to assign default values to JSON columns:
{note} Support for default expressions depends on your database driver, database version, and the field type. Please refer to the appropriate documentation for compatibility. Also note that using database specific functions may tightly couple you to a specific driver.
Modifying Columns
Prerequisites
Before modifying a column, be sure to add the doctrine/dbal dependency to your composer.json file. The Doctrine DBAL library is used to determine the current state of the column and create the SQL queries needed to make the required adjustments:
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Updating Column Attributes
The change method allows you to modify type and attributes of existing columns. For example, you may wish to increase the size of a string column. To see the change method in action, let's increase the size of the name column from 25 to 50:
We could also modify a column to be nullable:
{note} Only the following column types can be 'changed': bigInteger, binary, boolean, date, dateTime, dateTimeTz, decimal, integer, json, longText, mediumText, smallInteger, string, text, time, unsignedBigInteger, unsignedInteger, unsignedSmallInteger and uuid.
Renaming Columns
To rename a column, you may use the renameColumn method on the schema builder. Before renaming a column, be sure to add the doctrine/dbal dependency to your composer.json file:
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{note} Renaming any column in a table that also has a column of type enum is not currently supported.
Dropping Columns
To drop a column, use the dropColumn method on the schema builder. Before dropping columns from a SQLite database, you will need to add the doctrine/dbal dependency to your composer.json file and run the composer update command in your terminal to install the library:
You may drop multiple columns from a table by passing an array of column names to the dropColumn method:
{note} Dropping or modifying multiple columns within a single migration while using a SQLite database is not supported.
Available Command Aliases
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
$table->dropMorphs('morphable'); | Drop the morphable_id and morphable_type columns. |
$table->dropRememberToken(); | Drop the remember_token column. |
$table->dropSoftDeletes(); | Drop the deleted_at column. |
$table->dropSoftDeletesTz(); | Alias of dropSoftDeletes() method. |
$table->dropTimestamps(); | Drop the created_at and updated_at columns. |
$table->dropTimestampsTz(); | Alias of dropTimestamps() method. |
Indexes
Creating Indexes
The Laravel schema builder supports several types of indexes. The following example creates a new email column and specifies that its values should be unique. To create the index, we can chain the unique method onto the column definition:
Alternatively, you may create the index after defining the column. For example:
You may even pass an array of columns to an index method to create a compound (or composite) index:
Laravel will automatically generate an index name based on the table, column names, and the index type, but you may pass a second argument to the method to specify the index name yourself:
Available Index Types
Each index method accepts an optional second argument to specify the name of the index. If omitted, the name will be derived from the names of the table and column(s) used for the index, as well as the index type.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
$table->primary('id'); | Adds a primary key. |
$table->primary(['id', 'parent_id']); | Adds composite keys. |
$table->unique('email'); | Adds a unique index. |
$table->index('state'); | Adds a plain index. |
$table->spatialIndex('location'); | Adds a spatial index. (except SQLite) |
Index Lengths & MySQL / MariaDB
Laravel uses the utf8mb4 character set by default, which includes support for storing 'emojis' in the database. If you are running a version of MySQL older than the 5.7.7 release or MariaDB older than the 10.2.2 release, you may need to manually configure the default string length generated by migrations in order for MySQL to create indexes for them. You may configure this by calling the Schema::defaultStringLength method within your AppServiceProvider:
Alternatively, you may enable the innodb_large_prefix option for your database. Refer to your database's documentation for instructions on how to properly enable this option.
Renaming Indexes
To rename an index, you may use the renameIndex method. This method accepts the current index name as its first argument and the desired new name as its second argument:
Dropping Indexes
To drop an index, you must specify the index's name. By default, Laravel automatically assigns an index name based on the table name, the name of the indexed column, and the index type. Here are some examples:
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
$table->dropPrimary('users_id_primary'); | Drop a primary key from the 'users' table. |
$table->dropUnique('users_email_unique'); | Drop a unique index from the 'users' table. |
$table->dropIndex('geo_state_index'); | Drop a basic index from the 'geo' table. |
$table->dropSpatialIndex('geo_location_spatialindex'); | Drop a spatial index from the 'geo' table (except SQLite). |
If you pass an array of columns into a method that drops indexes, the conventional index name will be generated based on the table name, columns and key type:
Foreign Key Constraints
Laravel also provides support for creating foreign key constraints, which are used to force referential integrity at the database level. For example, let's define a user_id column on the posts table that references the id column on a users table:
Since this syntax is rather verbose, Laravel provides additional, terser methods that use convention to provide a better developer experience. The example above could be written like so:
The foreignId method is an alias for unsignedBigInteger while the constrained method will use convention to determine the table and column name being referenced.
You may also specify the desired action for the 'on delete' and 'on update' properties of the constraint:
To drop a foreign key, you may use the dropForeign method, passing the foreign key constraint to be deleted as an argument. Foreign key constraints use the same naming convention as indexes, based on the table name and the columns in the constraint, followed by a '_foreign' suffix:
Alternatively, you may pass an array containing the column name that holds the foreign key to the dropForeign method. The array will be automatically converted using the constraint name convention used by Laravel's schema builder:
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You may enable or disable foreign key constraints within your migrations by using the following methods:
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{note} SQLite disables foreign key constraints by default. When using SQLite, make sure to enable foreign key support in your database configuration before attempting to create them in your migrations. In addition, SQLite only supports foreign keys upon creation of the table and not when tables are altered.