Laravel 5.1 Generate Key
- Installation
- Configuration
- Issuing Access Tokens
- Authorization Code Grant with PKCE
- Password Grant Tokens
- Personal Access Tokens
- Protecting Routes
- Token Scopes
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Introduction
In this post, I will show how easy it is to use API resources to build REST APIs. In the previous Laravel REST API tutorial, I have used Fractal 3rd party library to control API response data. In Laravel 5.5, we now have API resources and these resources are literally developed based on Fractal.Now we. Jan 20, 2016 Dismiss Join GitHub today. GitHub is home to over 40 million developers working together to host and review code, manage projects, and build software together.
Laravel already makes it easy to perform authentication via traditional login forms, but what about APIs? APIs typically use tokens to authenticate users and do not maintain session state between requests. Laravel makes API authentication a breeze using Laravel Passport, which provides a full OAuth2 server implementation for your Laravel application in a matter of minutes. Passport is built on top of the League OAuth2 server that is maintained by Andy Millington and Simon Hamp.
{note} This documentation assumes you are already familiar with OAuth2. If you do not know anything about OAuth2, consider familiarizing yourself with the general terminology and features of OAuth2 before continuing.
Upgrading Passport
When upgrading to a new major version of Passport, it's important that you carefully review the upgrade guide.
Installation
To get started, install Passport via the Composer package manager:
The Passport service provider registers its own database migration directory with the framework, so you should migrate your database after installing the package. The Passport migrations will create the tables your application needs to store clients and access tokens:
Next, you should run the passport:install command. This command will create the encryption keys needed to generate secure access tokens. In addition, the command will create 'personal access' and 'password grant' clients which will be used to generate access tokens:
After running this command, add the LaravelPassportHasApiTokens trait to your AppUser model. This trait will provide a few helper methods to your model which allow you to inspect the authenticated user's token and scopes:
Next, you should call the Passport::routes method within the boot method of your AuthServiceProvider. This method will register the routes necessary to issue access tokens and revoke access tokens, clients, and personal access tokens:
Finally, in your config/auth.php configuration file, you should set the driver option of the api authentication guard to passport. This will instruct your application to use Passport's TokenGuard when authenticating incoming API requests:
Migration Customization
If you are not going to use Passport's default migrations, you should call the Passport::ignoreMigrations method in the register method of your AppServiceProvider. You may export the default migrations using php artisan vendor:publish --tag=passport-migrations.
By default, Passport uses an integer column to store the user_id. If your application uses a different column type to identify users (for example: UUIDs), you should modify the default Passport migrations after publishing them.
Frontend Quickstart
{note} In order to use the Passport Vue components, you must be using the Vue JavaScript framework. These components also use the Bootstrap CSS framework. However, even if you are not using these tools, the components serve as a valuable reference for your own frontend implementation.
Passport ships with a JSON API that you may use to allow your users to create clients and personal access tokens. However, it can be time consuming to code a frontend to interact with these APIs. So, Passport also includes pre-built Vue components you may use as an example implementation or starting point for your own implementation.
To publish the Passport Vue components, use the vendor:publish Artisan command:
The published components will be placed in your resources/js/components directory. Once the components have been published, you should register them in your resources/js/app.js file:
{note} Prior to Laravel v5.7.19, appending .default when registering components results in a console error. An explanation for this change can be found in the Laravel Mix v4.0.0 release notes.
After registering the components, make sure to run npm run dev to recompile your assets. Once you have recompiled your assets, you may drop the components into one of your application's templates to get started creating clients and personal access tokens:
Deploying Passport
When deploying Passport to your production servers for the first time, you will likely need to run the passport:keys command. This command generates the encryption keys Passport needs in order to generate access token. The generated keys are not typically kept in source control:
If necessary, you may define the path where Passport's keys should be loaded from. You may use the Passport::loadKeysFrom method to accomplish this:
Additionally, you may publish Passport's configuration file using php artisan vendor:publish --tag=passport-config, which will then provide the option to load the encryption keys from your environment variables:
Configuration
Token Lifetimes
By default, Passport issues long-lived access tokens that expire after one year. If you would like to configure a longer / shorter token lifetime, you may use the tokensExpireIn, refreshTokensExpireIn, and personalAccessTokensExpireIn methods. These methods should be called from the boot method of your AuthServiceProvider:
Overriding Default Models
You are free to extend the models used internally by Passport:
Then, you may instruct Passport to use your custom models via the Passport class:
Issuing Access Tokens
Using OAuth2 with authorization codes is how most developers are familiar with OAuth2. When using authorization codes, a client application will redirect a user to your server where they will either approve or deny the request to issue an access token to the client.
Managing Clients
First, developers building applications that need to interact with your application's API will need to register their application with yours by creating a 'client'. Typically, this consists of providing the name of their application and a URL that your application can redirect to after users approve their request for authorization.
The passport:client Command
The simplest way to create a client is using the passport:client Artisan command. This command may be used to create your own clients for testing your OAuth2 functionality. When you run the client command, Passport will prompt you for more information about your client and will provide you with a client ID and secret:
Redirect URLs
If you would like to whitelist multiple redirect URLs for your client, you may specify them using a comma-delimited list when prompted for the URL by the passport:client command:
{note} Any URL which contains commas must be encoded.
JSON API
Since your users will not be able to utilize the client command, Passport provides a JSON API that you may use to create clients. This saves you the trouble of having to manually code controllers for creating, updating, and deleting clients.
However, you will need to pair Passport's JSON API with your own frontend to provide a dashboard for your users to manage their clients. Below, we'll review all of the API endpoints for managing clients. For convenience, we'll use Axios to demonstrate making HTTP requests to the endpoints.
The JSON API is guarded by the web and auth middleware; therefore, it may only be called from your own application. It is not able to be called from an external source.
{tip} If you don't want to implement the entire client management frontend yourself, you can use the frontend quickstart to have a fully functional frontend in a matter of minutes.
GET /oauth/clients
This route returns all of the clients for the authenticated user. This is primarily useful for listing all of the user's clients so that they may edit or delete them:
POST /oauth/clients
This route is used to create new clients. It requires two pieces of data: the client's name and a redirect URL. The redirect URL is where the user will be redirected after approving or denying a request for authorization.
When a client is created, it will be issued a client ID and client secret. These values will be used when requesting access tokens from your application. The client creation route will return the new client instance:
PUT /oauth/clients/{client-id}
This route is used to update clients. It requires two pieces of data: the client's name and a redirect URL. The redirect URL is where the user will be redirected after approving or denying a request for authorization. The route will return the updated client instance:
DELETE /oauth/clients/{client-id}
This route is used to delete clients:
Requesting Tokens
Redirecting For Authorization
Once a client has been created, developers may use their client ID and secret to request an authorization code and access token from your application. First, the consuming application should make a redirect request to your application's /oauth/authorize route like so:
{tip} Remember, the /oauth/authorize route is already defined by the Passport::routes method. You do not need to manually define this route.
Approving The Request
When receiving authorization requests, Passport will automatically display a template to the user allowing them to approve or deny the authorization request. If they approve the request, they will be redirected back to the redirect_uri that was specified by the consuming application. The redirect_uri must match the redirect URL that was specified when the client was created.
If you would like to customize the authorization approval screen, you may publish Passport's views using the vendor:publish Artisan command. The published views will be placed in resources/views/vendor/passport:
Sometimes you may wish to skip the authorization prompt, such as when authorizing a first-party client. You may accomplish this by extending the Client model and defining a skipsAuthorization method. If skipsAuthorization returns true the client will be approved and the user will be redirected back to the redirect_uri immediately:
Converting Authorization Codes To Access Tokens
If the user approves the authorization request, they will be redirected back to the consuming application. The consumer should first verify the state parameter against the value that was stored prior to the redirect. If the state parameter matches the consumer should issue a POST request to your application to request an access token. The request should include the authorization code that was issued by your application when the user approved the authorization request. In this example, we'll use the Guzzle HTTP library to make the POST request:
This /oauth/token route will return a JSON response containing access_token, refresh_token, and expires_in attributes. The expires_in attribute contains the number of seconds until the access token expires.
{tip} Like the /oauth/authorize route, the /oauth/token route is defined for you by the Passport::routes method. There is no need to manually define this route. By default, this route is throttled using the settings of the ThrottleRequests middleware.
Refreshing Tokens
If your application issues short-lived access tokens, users will need to refresh their access tokens via the refresh token that was provided to them when the access token was issued. In this example, we'll use the Guzzle HTTP library to refresh the token:
This /oauth/token route will return a JSON response containing access_token, refresh_token, and expires_in attributes. The expires_in attribute contains the number of seconds until the access token expires.
Purging Tokens
When tokens have been revoked or expired, you might want to purge them from the database. Passport ships with a command that can do this for you:
You may also configure a scheduled job in your console Kernel class to automatically prune your tokens on a schedule:
Authorization Code Grant with PKCE
The Authorization Code grant with 'Proof Key for Code Exchange' (PKCE) is a secure way to authenticate single page applications or native applications to access your API. This grant should be used when you can't guarantee that the client secret will be stored confidentially or in order to mitigate the threat of having the authorization code intercepted by an attacker. A combination of a 'code verifier' and a 'code challenge' replaces the client secret when exchanging the authorization code for an access token.
Creating The Client
Before your application can issue tokens via the authorization code grant with PKCE, you will need to create a PKCE-enabled client. You may do this using the passport:client command with the --public option:
Requesting Tokens
Code Verifier & Code Challenge
As this authorization grant does not provide a client secret, developers will need to generate a combination of a code verifier and a code challenge in order to request a token.
The code verifier should be a random string of between 43 and 128 characters containing letters, numbers and '-', '.', '_', '~', as defined in the RFC 7636 specification.
The code challenge should be a Base64 encoded string with URL and filename-safe characters. The trailing '=' characters should be removed and no line breaks, whitespace, or other additional characters should be present.
Redirecting For Authorization
Once a client has been created, you may use the client ID and the generated code verifier and code challenge to request an authorization code and access token from your application. First, the consuming application should make a redirect request to your application's /oauth/authorize route:
Converting Authorization Codes To Access Tokens
If the user approves the authorization request, they will be redirected back to the consuming application. The consumer should verify the state parameter against the value that was stored prior to the redirect, as in the standard Authorization Code Grant.
If the state parameter matches, the consumer should issue a POST request to your application to request an access token. The request should include the authorization code that was issued by your application when the user approved the authorization request along with the originally generated code verifier:
Password Grant Tokens
The OAuth2 password grant allows your other first-party clients, such as a mobile application, to obtain an access token using an e-mail address / username and password. This allows you to issue access tokens securely to your first-party clients without requiring your users to go through the entire OAuth2 authorization code redirect flow.
Creating A Password Grant Client
Before your application can issue tokens via the password grant, you will need to create a password grant client. You may do this using the passport:client command with the --password option. If you have already run the passport:install command, you do not need to run this command:
Requesting Tokens
Once you have created a password grant client, you may request an access token by issuing a POST request to the /oauth/token route with the user's email address and password. Remember, this route is already registered by the Passport::routes method so there is no need to define it manually. If the request is successful, you will receive an access_token and refresh_token in the JSON response from the server:
{tip} Remember, access tokens are long-lived by default. However, you are free to configure your maximum access token lifetime if needed.
Requesting All Scopes
When using the password grant or client credentials grant, you may wish to authorize the token for all of the scopes supported by your application. You can do this by requesting the * scope. If you request the * scope, the can method on the token instance will always return true. This scope may only be assigned to a token that is issued using the password or client_credentials grant:
Customizing The Username Field
When authenticating using the password grant, Passport will use the email attribute of your model as the 'username'. However, you may customize this behavior by defining a findForPassport method on your model:
Customizing The Password Validation
When authenticating using the password grant, Passport will use the password attribute of your model to validate the given password. If your model does not have a password attribute or you wish to customize the password validation logic, you can define a validateForPassportPasswordGrant method on your model:
Implicit Grant Tokens
The implicit grant is similar to the authorization code grant; however, the token is returned to the client without exchanging an authorization code. This grant is most commonly used for JavaScript or mobile applications where the client credentials can't be securely stored. To enable the grant, call the enableImplicitGrant method in your AuthServiceProvider:
Once a grant has been enabled, developers may use their client ID to request an access token from your application. The consuming application should make a redirect request to your application's /oauth/authorize route like so:
{tip} Remember, the /oauth/authorize route is already defined by the Passport::routes method. You do not need to manually define this route.
Client Credentials Grant Tokens
The client credentials grant is suitable for machine-to-machine authentication. For example, you might use this grant in a scheduled job which is performing maintenance tasks over an API.
Before your application can issue tokens via the client credentials grant, you will need to create a client credentials grant client. You may do this using the --client option of the passport:client command:
Next, to use this grant type, you need to add the CheckClientCredentials middleware to the $routeMiddleware property of your app/Http/Kernel.php file:
Then, attach the middleware to a route:
To restrict access to the route to specific scopes you may provide a comma-delimited list of the required scopes when attaching the client middleware to the route:
Retrieving Tokens
To retrieve a token using this grant type, make a request to the oauth/token endpoint:
Personal Access Tokens
Sometimes, your users may want to issue access tokens to themselves without going through the typical authorization code redirect flow. Allowing users to issue tokens to themselves via your application's UI can be useful for allowing users to experiment with your API or may serve as a simpler approach to issuing access tokens in general.
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Creating A Personal Access Client
Before your application can issue personal access tokens, you will need to create a personal access client. You may do this using the passport:client command with the --personal option. If you have already run the passport:install command, you do not need to run this command:
If you have already defined a personal access client, you may instruct Passport to use it using the personalAccessClientId method. Typically, this method should be called from the boot method of your AuthServiceProvider:
Managing Personal Access Tokens
Once you have created a personal access client, you may issue tokens for a given user using the createToken method on the User model instance. The createToken method accepts the name of the token as its first argument and an optional array of scopes as its second argument:
JSON API
Passport also includes a JSON API for managing personal access tokens. You may pair this with your own frontend to offer your users a dashboard for managing personal access tokens. Below, we'll review all of the API endpoints for managing personal access tokens. For convenience, we'll use Axios to demonstrate making HTTP requests to the endpoints.
The JSON API is guarded by the web and auth middleware; therefore, it may only be called from your own application. It is not able to be called from an external source.
{tip} If you don't want to implement the personal access token frontend yourself, you can use the frontend quickstart to have a fully functional frontend in a matter of minutes.
GET /oauth/scopes
This route returns all of the scopes defined for your application. You may use this route to list the scopes a user may assign to a personal access token:
GET /oauth/personal-access-tokens
This route returns all of the personal access tokens that the authenticated user has created. This is primarily useful for listing all of the user's tokens so that they may edit or delete them:
POST /oauth/personal-access-tokens
This route creates new personal access tokens. It requires two pieces of data: the token's name and the scopes that should be assigned to the token:
DELETE /oauth/personal-access-tokens/{token-id}
Laravel 5.8
This route may be used to delete personal access tokens:
Protecting Routes
Via Middleware
Passport includes an authentication guard that will validate access tokens on incoming requests. Once you have configured the api guard to use the passport driver, you only need to specify the auth:api middleware on any routes that require a valid access token:
Passing The Access Token
When calling routes that are protected by Passport, your application's API consumers should specify their access token as a Bearer token in the Authorization header of their request. For example, when using the Guzzle HTTP library:
Token Scopes
Scopes allow your API clients to request a specific set of permissions when requesting authorization to access an account. For example, if you are building an e-commerce application, not all API consumers will need the ability to place orders. Instead, you may allow the consumers to only request authorization to access order shipment statuses. In other words, scopes allow your application's users to limit the actions a third-party application can perform on their behalf.
Defining Scopes
You may define your API's scopes using the Passport::tokensCan method in the boot method of your AuthServiceProvider. The tokensCan method accepts an array of scope names and scope descriptions. The scope description may be anything you wish and will be displayed to users on the authorization approval screen:
Default Scope
If a client does not request any specific scopes, you may configure your Passport server to attach a default scope to the token using the setDefaultScope method. Typically, you should call this method from the boot method of your AuthServiceProvider:
Assigning Scopes To Tokens
When Requesting Authorization Codes
When requesting an access token using the authorization code grant, consumers should specify their desired scopes as the scope query string parameter. The scope parameter should be a space-delimited list of scopes:
When Issuing Personal Access Tokens
If you are issuing personal access tokens using the User model's createToken method, you may pass the array of desired scopes as the second argument to the method:
Checking Scopes
Passport includes two middleware that may be used to verify that an incoming request is authenticated with a token that has been granted a given scope. To get started, add the following middleware to the $routeMiddleware property of your app/Http/Kernel.php file:
Check For All Scopes
The scopes middleware may be assigned to a route to verify that the incoming request's access token has all of the listed scopes:
Check For Any Scopes
The scope middleware may be assigned to a route to verify that the incoming request's access token has at least one of the listed scopes:
Checking Scopes On A Token Instance
Once an access token authenticated request has entered your application, you may still check if the token has a given scope using the tokenCan method on the authenticated User instance:
Additional Scope Methods
The scopeIds method will return an array of all defined IDs / names:
The scopes method will return an array of all defined scopes as instances of LaravelPassportScope:
The scopesFor method will return an array of LaravelPassportScope instances matching the given IDs / names:
You may determine if a given scope has been defined using the hasScope method:
Consuming Your API With JavaScript
When building an API, it can be extremely useful to be able to consume your own API from your JavaScript application. This approach to API development allows your own application to consume the same API that you are sharing with the world. The same API may be consumed by your web application, mobile applications, third-party applications, and any SDKs that you may publish on various package managers.
Typically, if you want to consume your API from your JavaScript application, you would need to manually send an access token to the application and pass it with each request to your application. However, Passport includes a middleware that can handle this for you. All you need to do is add the CreateFreshApiToken middleware to your web middleware group in your app/Http/Kernel.php file:
{note} You should ensure that the CreateFreshApiToken middleware is the last middleware listed in your middleware stack.
This Passport middleware will attach a laravel_token cookie to your outgoing responses. This cookie contains an encrypted JWT that Passport will use to authenticate API requests from your JavaScript application. Now, you may make requests to your application's API without explicitly passing an access token:
Customizing The Cookie Name
If needed, you can customize the laravel_token cookie's name using the Passport::cookie method. Typically, this method should be called from the boot method of your AuthServiceProvider:
CSRF Protection
When using this method of authentication, you will need to ensure a valid CSRF token header is included in your requests. The default Laravel JavaScript scaffolding includes an Axios instance, which will automatically use the encrypted XSRF-TOKEN cookie value to send a X-XSRF-TOKEN header on same-origin requests.
{tip} If you choose to send the X-CSRF-TOKEN header instead of X-XSRF-TOKEN, you will need to use the unencrypted token provided by csrf_token().
Events
Passport raises events when issuing access tokens and refresh tokens. You may use these events to prune or revoke other access tokens in your database. You may attach listeners to these events in your application's EventServiceProvider:
Testing
Passport's actingAs method may be used to specify the currently authenticated user as well as its scopes. The first argument given to the actingAs method is the user instance and the second is an array of scopes that should be granted to the user's token:
Passport's actingAsClient method may be used to specify the currently authenticated client as well as its scopes. The first argument given to the actingAsClient method is the client instance and the second is an array of scopes that should be granted to the client's token:
- Installation
- Web Server Configuration
Installation
Server Requirements
The Laravel framework has a few system requirements. All of these requirements are satisfied by the Laravel Homestead virtual machine, so it's highly recommended that you use Homestead as your local Laravel development environment.
However, if you are not using Homestead, you will need to make sure your server meets the following requirements:
- PHP >= 7.2.5
- BCMath PHP Extension
- Ctype PHP Extension
- Fileinfo PHP extension
- JSON PHP Extension
- Mbstring PHP Extension
- OpenSSL PHP Extension
- PDO PHP Extension
- Tokenizer PHP Extension
- XML PHP Extension
Installing Laravel
Laravel utilizes Composer to manage its dependencies. So, before using Laravel, make sure you have Composer installed on your machine.
Via Laravel Installer
First, download the Laravel installer using Composer:
Make sure to place Composer's system-wide vendor bin directory in your $PATH so the laravel executable can be located by your system. This directory exists in different locations based on your operating system; however, some common locations include:
- macOS:
$HOME/.composer/vendor/bin - Windows:
%USERPROFILE%AppDataRoamingComposervendorbin - GNU / Linux Distributions:
$HOME/.config/composer/vendor/binor$HOME/.composer/vendor/bin
You could also find the composer's global installation path by running composer global about and looking up from the first line.
Once installed, the laravel new command will create a fresh Laravel installation in the directory you specify. For instance, laravel new blog will create a directory named blog containing a fresh Laravel installation with all of Laravel's dependencies already installed:
Via Composer Create-Project
Alternatively, you may also install Laravel by issuing the Composer create-project command in your terminal:
Local Development Server
If you have PHP installed locally and you would like to use PHP's built-in development server to serve your application, you may use the serve Artisan command. This command will start a development server at http://localhost:8000:
More robust local development options are available via Homestead and Valet.
Laravel 5.1 Generate Key Generator
Configuration
Public Directory
After installing Laravel, you should configure your web server's document / web root to be the public directory. The index.php in this directory serves as the front controller for all HTTP requests entering your application.
Configuration Files
All of the configuration files for the Laravel framework are stored in the config directory. Each option is documented, so feel free to look through the files and get familiar with the options available to you.
Directory Permissions
After installing Laravel, you may need to configure some permissions. Directories within the storage and the bootstrap/cache directories should be writable by your web server or Laravel will not run. If you are using the Homestead virtual machine, these permissions should already be set.
Application Key
The next thing you should do after installing Laravel is set your application key to a random string. If you installed Laravel via Composer or the Laravel installer, this key has already been set for you by the php artisan key:generate command.
Typically, this string should be 32 characters long. The key can be set in the .env environment file. If you have not copied the .env.example file to a new file named .env, you should do that now. If the application key is not set, your user sessions and other encrypted data will not be secure!
Additional Configuration
Laravel needs almost no other configuration out of the box. You are free to get started developing! However, you may wish to review the config/app.php file and its documentation. It contains several options such as timezone and locale that you may wish to change according to your application.
You may also want to configure a few additional components of Laravel, such as:
Web Server Configuration
Directory Configuration
Laravel should always be served out of the root of the 'web directory' configured for your web server. You should not attempt to serve a Laravel application out of a subdirectory of the 'web directory'. Attempting to do so could expose sensitive files present within your application.
Pretty URLs
Apache
Laravel includes a public/.htaccess file that is used to provide URLs without the index.php front controller in the path. Before serving Laravel with Apache, be sure to enable the mod_rewrite module so the .htaccess file will be honored by the server.
If the .htaccess file that ships with Laravel does not work with your Apache installation, try this alternative:
Nginx
If you are using Nginx, the following directive in your site configuration will direct all requests to the index.php front controller:
When using Homestead or Valet, pretty URLs will be automatically configured.